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BS EN 1992-1-1:2023

BS EN 1992-1-1:2023

$215.11

Eurocode 2. Design of concrete structures – General rules and rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 408
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1.1 Scope of FprEN 1992-1-1 (1) This document gives the general basis for the design of structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight, lightweight and heavyweight aggregates. It gives specific rules for buildings, bridges and civil engineering structures, including temporary structures; additional requirements specific to bridges are given in Annex K. The rules are valid under temperature conditions between −40 °C and +100 °C generally. This document complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability, durability and robustness of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990. (2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability, robustness and fire resistance of concrete structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. (3) This document does not cover: – resistance to fire (see EN 1992 1 2); – fastenings in concrete (see EN 1992 4); – seismic design (see EN 1998 (all parts)); – particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as dams, pressure vessels); – structures made with no-fines concrete, aerated or cellular concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure components; – structures containing steel sections considered in design (see EN 1994 (all parts)) for composite steel and concrete structures; – structural parts made of concrete with a smallest value of the upper sieve aggregate size Dlower < 8 mm (or if known Dmax < 8 mm) unless otherwise stated in this Eurocode. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1992-1-1. (2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution and workmanship given in EN 13670 are complied with.

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PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
21 1 Scope
1.1 Scope of EN 1992-1-1
1.2 Assumptions
2 Normative references
23 3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
35 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters
40 3.2.2 Latin lower case letters
49 3.2.3 Greek letters
57 3.3 Symbols in Annex A
3.3.1 Latin upper case letters
58 3.3.2 Latin lower case letters
3.3.3 Greek lower case letters
3.4 Symbols in Annex I
3.4.1 Latin upper case letters
3.4.2 Latin lower case letters
59 3.4.3 Greek lower case letters
3.5 Symbols in Annex J
3.5.1 Latin upper case letters
60 3.5.2 Latin lower-case letters
61 3.5.3 Greek lower-case letters
62 3.6 Symbols in Annex L
3.6.1 Latin upper case letters
3.6.2 Latin lower case letters
63 3.6.3 Greek letters
3.7 Symbols in Annex R
3.7.1 Latin upper case letters
64 3.7.2 Latin lower case letters
3.7.3 Greek letters
3.8 Abbreviations
65 3.9 Units
3.10 Sign conventions
4 Basis of design
4.1 General rules
4.1.1 Basic requirements
66 4.1.2 Structural reliability and quality management
4.1.3 Design service life
4.2 Basic variables
4.2.1 Actions and time-dependent effects
4.2.1.1 General
4.2.1.2 Time-dependent effects
4.2.1.3 Effects resulting from restrained, imposed deformations
67 4.2.1.4 Ground-structure interaction
4.2.1.5 Prestress
4.2.1.6 Effect of water or gas pressure
68 4.2.2 Geometric data
4.3 Verification by the partial factor method
4.3.1 Partial factor for shrinkage action
4.3.2 Partial factors for prestress action
69 4.3.3 Partial factors for materials
4.4 Requirements for connection of elements to concrete members
70 5 Materials
5.1 Concrete
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Properties and related conditions
71 5.1.3 Strength
72 5.1.4 Elastic deformation
5.1.5 Creep and shrinkage
74 5.1.6 Design assumptions
76 5.2 Reinforcing steel
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Properties
77 5.2.3 Welding of reinforcing bars
5.2.4 Design assumptions
78 5.2.5 Reinforcement bar couplers
5.2.6 Headed bars for reinforcement
5.3 Prestressing steel
5.3.1 General
79 5.3.2 Properties
80 5.3.3 Design assumptions
81 5.4 Prestressing systems
5.4.1 General
82 5.4.2 Anchorage zones
6 Durability and concrete cover
6.1 General
6.2 Requirements for durability
83 6.3 Environmental exposure conditions
87 6.4 Exposure resistance classes
88 6.5 Concrete cover
6.5.1 Nominal cover
6.5.2 Minimum cover
6.5.2.1 General
89 6.5.2.2 Minimum cover for durability
91 6.5.2.3 Minimum cover for bond
92 6.5.3 Allowance in design for deviation in cover
93 7 Structural analysis
7.1 General
7.2 Structural modelling for analysis
7.2.1 Geometric imperfections
7.2.1.1 General
94 7.2.1.2 Representation of imperfections
97 7.2.2 Idealisation of the structure
7.2.3 Geometric data
99 7.3 Methods of analysis
7.3.1 Linear elastic analysis
100 7.3.2 Linear elastic analysis with redistribution
102 7.3.3 Plastic analysis
7.3.3.1 General
7.3.3.2 Analysis for beams, frames and slabs without verification of rotation capacity
7.3.3.3 Analysis with stress fields and strut-and-tie models
7.3.4 Non-linear analysis
103 7.4 Second order structural analysis of members and systems with axial force
7.4.1 General
104 7.4.2 Creep
7.4.3 Methods of analysis
7.4.3.1 General
105 7.4.3.2 Simplified methods based on nominal curvature and second order linear analysis
7.4.3.3 General non-linear analysis method
106 7.4.4 Compression member with biaxial bending
107 7.5 Lateral instability of slender beams
7.6 Prestressed members and structures
7.6.1 General
108 7.6.2 Prestressing force
7.6.3 Immediate losses of prestress
7.6.3.1 General
109 7.6.3.2 Losses due to friction
110 7.6.3.3 Losses due to anchorage seating
7.6.3.4 Losses due to the instantaneous deformation of concrete
7.6.4 Time dependent losses of prestress
111 7.6.5 Effects of prestressing at ultimate limit state
112 8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
8.1 Bending with or without axial force
8.1.1 General
114 8.1.2 Stress distribution in the compression zones
8.1.3 Bending in slabs
115 8.1.4 Confined concrete
117 8.2 Shear
8.2.1 General verification procedure
121 8.2.2 Detailed verification for members without shear reinforcement
125 8.2.3 Members with shear reinforcement
130 8.2.4 In-plane shear and transverse bending
131 8.2.5 Shear between web and flanges
133 8.2.6 Shear at interfaces
138 8.3 Torsion and combined actions
8.3.1 General considerations for torsion
8.3.2 Internal forces due to torsion in compact or closed sections
139 8.3.3 Internal forces due to torsion in open sections
8.3.4 Torsional resistance of compact or closed sections
140 8.3.5 Design procedure for combination of actions
141 8.3.6 Interaction formula
8.4 Punching
8.4.1 General
142 8.4.2 Shear-resisting effective depth, control perimeter and shear stress
146 8.4.3 Punching shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement
149 8.4.4 Punching shear resistance of slabs with shear reinforcement
152 8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models and stress fields
8.5.1 General
154 8.5.2 Struts and compression fields
156 8.5.3 Ties
8.5.4 Nodes
8.5.4.1 Definitions
157 8.5.4.2 CCC nodes
8.5.4.3 CCT nodes
158 8.5.4.4 CTT nodes
159 8.5.5 Transfer of concentrated forces into a member
161 8.6 Partially loaded areas
164 9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
9.1 General
165 9.2 Stress limitations and crack control
9.2.1 General considerations
167 9.2.2 Minimum reinforcement areas to avoid yielding
169 9.2.3 Refined control of cracking
175 9.3 Deflection control
9.3.1 General consideration
9.3.2 Simplified deflection control by span/depth-ratio for buildings
177 9.3.3 Simplified calculation of deflections for reinforced concrete building structures
178 9.3.4 General method for deflection calculations
179 9.4 Vibrations
180 10 Fatigue
10.1 General
10.2 Combination of actions
10.3 Internal forces and stresses for fatigue verification
182 10.4 Simplified verification of reinforcing or prestressing steel
10.5 Simplified verification of concrete under compression
183 10.6 Simplified verification of concrete under shear
10.7 Simplified verification of shear at interfaces
184 11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons
11.1 General
11.2 Spacing of bars
185 11.3 Permissible mandrel diameters for bent bars
186 11.4 Anchorage of reinforcing steel in tension and compression
11.4.1 General
187 11.4.2 Anchorage of straight bars
190 11.4.3 Anchorage of bundles
191 11.4.4 Anchorage of bars with bends and hooks
11.4.5 Anchorage of bars with welded transverse reinforcement
192 11.4.6 Anchorage of U-bar loops
11.4.7 Anchorage of headed bars in tension
194 11.4.8 Anchorage of bonded post-installed reinforcing steel
195 11.5 Laps of reinforcing steel in tension and compression and mechanical couplers
11.5.1 General
11.5.2 All types of laps
199 11.5.3 Laps of bundles
200 11.5.4 Laps using U-bar loops
202 11.5.5 Laps using headed bars
204 11.5.6 Mechanical couplers
11.5.7 Full penetration butt weld and fillet weld splices
205 11.6 Post-tensioning tendons
11.6.1 General
11.6.2 Minimum spacing of ducts
206 11.6.3 Minimum radius of curvature and straight length of tendons adjacent to anchorages
207 11.6.4 Anchorages, couplers and deviators of post-tensioning tendons
11.7 Deviation forces due to curved tensile and compressive chords
208 12 Detailing of members and particular rules
12.1 General
12.2 Minimum reinforcement rules
210 12.3 Beams
12.3.1 General
212 12.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
213 12.3.3 Shear and torsion reinforcement
215 12.3.4 Suspension reinforcement for indirect support
12.4 Slabs
12.4.1 General
217 12.4.2 Shear reinforcement
12.5 Slab-column connections and column bases
12.5.1 Punching shear reinforcement
220 12.5.2 Integrity reinforcement against progressive collapse of flat slabs
221 12.6 Columns
222 12.7 Walls and deep beams
223 12.8 Foundations
225 12.9 Tying systems for robustness of buildings
12.9.1 General
226 12.9.2 Dimensioning of ties
12.9.2.1 Peripheral ties
12.9.2.2 Internal ties
12.9.2.3 Horizontal ties to columns and/or walls
12.9.2.4 Vertical ties
12.9.3 Required resistances for ties
227 12.10 Supports, bearings and expansion joints
230 13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
13.1 General
13.2 Specific requirements
13.3 Concrete
13.3.1 Strength for heat curing
13.3.2 Creep and shrinkage
231 13.4 Structural analysis
13.4.1 General
13.4.2 Losses of prestress during heat curing
13.4.2.1 Relaxation losses
232 13.4.2.2 Thermal losses
13.5 Design and detailing of pre-tensioning tendons
13.5.1 Arrangement of tendons
233 13.5.2 Anchorage zones
13.5.3 Transfer of prestress
234 13.5.4 Anchorage of tensile force at ULS
235 13.5.5 Shear resistance of precast members without shear reinforcement
236 13.6 Floor systems for buildings
13.6.1 Distribution of loads
237 13.6.2 Diaphragm action
13.6.3 Tying systems for buildings
238 13.7 Connections and supports
13.7.1 Connections
240 13.7.2 Supports
13.8 Pocket foundations for buildings
13.8.1 General
13.8.2 Pocket foundations with keyed surface
241 13.8.3 Pocket foundations with smooth or rough surfaces
242 14 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
14.1 General
14.2 Concrete
14.3 Structural analysis
243 14.4 Ultimate limit states
14.4.1 General
14.4.2 Design resistance to bending with axial force
14.4.3 Shear
244 14.4.4 Torsion
14.4.5 Ultimate limit states induced by structural deformation (buckling)
14.4.5.1 Slenderness of columns and walls
246 14.4.5.2 Simplified design method for walls and columns
14.5 Serviceability limit states
247 14.6 Detailing of members and particular rules
14.6.1 Structural members
14.6.2 Construction joints
14.6.3 Strip and pad footings
248 Annex A (informative)Adjustment of partial factors for materials
A.1 Use of this annex
A.2 Scope and fields of application
A.3 General
255 Annex B (normative)Time dependent behaviour of materials: strength, creep, shrinkage and elastic strain of concrete and relaxation of prestressing steel
B.1 Use of this annex
B.2 Scope and field of application
B.3 General
256 B.4 Development of concrete strength and stiffness with time
257 B.5 Basic formulae for determining the creep coefficient
260 B.6 Basic formulae for determining the shrinkage strain
262 B.7 Tests on elastic deformations, creep and shrinkage
263 B.8 Detailed analysis for creep at variable loading
264 B.9 Relaxation of prestressing steel
266 Annex C (normative)Requirements for materials
C.1 Use of this annex
C.2 Scope and field of application
C.3 Concrete
C.3.1 Normal weight, heavy weight and Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LWAC)
C.4 Reinforcing steel
C.4.1 Carbon reinforcing steel
268 C.4.2 Stainless reinforcing steel
269 C.5 Prestressing steel
272 C.6 Couplers
273 C.7 Headed bars
C.8 Post-installed reinforcing steel systems
275 Annex D (informative)Evaluation of early-age and long-term cracking due to restraint
D.1 Use of this annex
D.2 Scope and field of application
D.3 General
276 D.4 Assessment of temperature history
D.4.1 General
277 D.4.2 Material properties related to temperature development
278 D.5 Stress calculations
279 D.6 Crack width calculations
280 Annex E (normative)Additional rules for fatigue verification
E.1 Use of this annex
E.2 Scope and field of application
E.3 General
E.4 Verification using damage equivalent stress range
E.4.1 General
E.4.2 Verification for reinforcement
282 E.4.3 Verification for concrete
E.5 Explicit verifications using Palmgren-Miner Rule
E.5.1 Verification conditions
283 E.5.2 Verification procedure for reinforcing and prestressing steel
E.5.3 Verification procedure for concrete under compression
285 Annex F (informative)Safety formats for non-linear analysis
F.1 Use of this annex
F.2 Scope and field of application
F.3 General
286 F.4 Partial factor method (PFM)
287 F.5 Global factor method (GFM)
F.5.1 General
F.5.2 Determination of the global resistance factor
288 F.5.3 Additional material parameters
F.6 Full probabilistic method
F.7 Model uncertainty
290 Annex G (normative)Design of membrane-, shell- and slab elements
G.1 Use of this annex
G.2 Scope and field of application
G.3 Design of membrane elements in ULS
292 G.4 Design of shell- and slab elements in ULS
295 G.5 Refined control of cracking in membrane elements in SLS
297 Annex H (informative)Guidance on design of concrete structures for water-tightness
H.1 Use of this annex
H.2 Scope and field of application
H.3 General
H.4 Tightness classes
H.4.1 Classification
298 H.4.2 Tightness requirements
300 Annex I (informative)Assessment of Existing Structures
I.1 Use of this annex
I.2 Scope and field of application
I.3 General
301 I.4 Basis of assessment
303 I.5 Materials
305 I.6 Durability – Minimum cover for bond
306 I.7 Structural analysis
307 I.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
314 I.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
I.10 Fatigue
315 I.11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons
318 I.12 Detailing of members and particular rules – Minimum reinforcement rules
319 Annex J (informative)Strengthening of Existing Concrete Structures with CFRP
J.1 Use of this annex
J.2 Scope and field of application
J.3 General
J.4 Basis of design
320 J.5 Materials
J.5.1 General
J.5.2 Properties
321 J.5.3 Design assumptions
322 J.6 Durability
J.7 Structural analysis
323 J.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
J.8.1 Bending with or without axial force
J.8.1.1 General
J.8.1.2 Concrete columns confined with closed CFRP wrapping
325 J.8.2 Shear
J.8.2.1 General verification procedure
326 J.8.2.2 Detailed verification for members not requiring design shear reinforcement
J.8.2.3 Members requiring design shear reinforcement
328 J.8.3 Torsion and combined actions
J.8.4 Punching
J.8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models and stress fields
J.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
329 J.10 Fatigue
J.10.1 Basic fatigue analysis for externally bonded CFRP systems
J.10.2 Refined fatigue analysis for externally bonded CFRP systems
330 J.10.3 Near surface mounted CFRP strips
J.11 Bond and anchorage of CFRP systems
J.11.1 Anchorage of ABR strengthening systems
J.11.1.1 Basic anchorage resistance — CFRP to concrete for EBR strengthening
331 J.11.1.2 EBR anchorage requirements — flexure
335 J.11.1.3 Basic anchorage resistance — CFRP strips to concrete for NSM CFRP strengthening
336 J.12 Detailing of members and particular rules
J.12.1 Flexural strengthening with externally bonded CFRP
J.12.2 Flexural strengthening with NSM CFRP
337 J.12.3 Permissible radius for bending of CFRP
J.12.4 Permissible layers of CF sheets and CFRP strips
J.12.5 Lapping of closed wrapped strengthening systems
J.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
J.14 Lightly reinforced concrete structures
J.15 Material requirements for ABR strengthening systems
338 Annex K (normative)Bridges
K.1 Use of this annex
K.2 Scope and field of application
K.3 Terms, definitions and symbols
K.4 Basis of design
K.5 Materials
K.6 Durability and concrete cover
340 K.7 Structural analysis
K.8 Ultimate limit states (ULS)
K.9 Serviceability limit states (SLS)
341 K.10 Fatigue verification
K.10.1 General
K.10.2 General rules using damage equivalent stress range
K.10.3 Verification for reinforcement using damage equivalent stress range
K.10.3.1 General
342 K.10.3.2 Road bridges
345 K.10.3.3 Railway bridges
347 K.10.4 Verification for concrete using damage equivalent stress range
K.10.4.1 Road bridges
K.10.4.2 Railway bridges
350 K.11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons
K.12 Detailing of members and particular rules
K.12.1 General
K.12.2 Minimum reinforcement rules
351 K.12.3 Bridges with external or unbonded internal tendons
K.12.4 Cable stayed, extradosed and suspension bridges
352 K.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
353 K.14 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
K.15 Amendments to Annex G
354 Annex L (informative)Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Structures
L.1 Use of this annex
L.2 Scope and field of application
L.3 General
L.4 Basis of design – Partial factors for materials
355 L.5 Materials
L.5.1 Properties
L.5.2 Strength
L.5.3 Elastic deformation
L.5.4 Creep and shrinkage
356 L.5.5 Design assumptions
L.5.5.1 Design residual tensile strengths
357 L.5.5.2 Stress-strain relation for structural analysis
358 L.6 Durability – Minimum cover
L.7 Structural analysis – Plastic analysis
359 L.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
L.8.1 Bending with or without axial force
360 L.8.2 Shear
L.8.2.1 General verification procedure
L.8.2.2 Detailed verification for members without shear reinforcement
361 L.8.2.3 Members with shear reinforcement
L.8.3 Torsion – Torsional resistance of compact or closed sections
L.8.4 Punching
L.8.4.1 Punching shear resistance of SFRC slabs without shear reinforcement
362 L.8.4.2 Punching shear resistance of SFRC slabs with shear reinforcement
L.8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models – Ties
L.8.6 Partially loaded areas
L.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) – Crack control
L.9.1 General considerations
L.9.2 Minimum reinforcement areas to avoid yielding
L.9.3 Refined control of cracking
363 L.10 Fatigue
L.11 Detailing of reinforcement and post-tensioning tendons
L.11.1 General
L.11.2 Spacing of bars
L.12 Detailing of members and particular rules
L.12.1 Minimum reinforcement rules
364 L.12.2 Beams
L.12.2.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
L.12.2.2 Shear and torsion reinforcement
L.12.3 Slabs
L.12.3.1 General
L.12.3.2 Shear reinforcement
365 L.12.4 Walls and deep beams
L.12.5 Tying systems for robustness of buildings
L.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
L.13.1 Concrete – Strength of SFRC
L.13.2 Connections and supports
L.14 Lightly reinforced SFRC structures
L.14.1 General
L.14.2 Concrete
366 L.14.3 Ultimate limit states (ULS) – Shear resistance of lightly reinforced SFRC members without longitudinal reinforcement
L.14.4 Serviceability limit states (SLS)
L.14.5 Detailing of members and particular rules
L.14.5.1 SFRC Column footing on rock
L.14.5.2 Foundations directly on ground
L.14.5.3 Foundations on piles
L.14.5.4 Tunnel lining segments
L.15 Requirements for Materials: SFRC
368 Annex M (normative)Lightweight aggregate concrete structures
M.1 Use of this annex
M.2 Scope and field of application
M.3 General
371 Annex N (informative)Recycled aggregates concrete structures
N.1 Use of this annex
N.2 Scope and field of application
N.3 General
374 Annex O (informative)Simplified approaches for second order effects
O.1 Use of this Annex
O.2 Scope and field of application
O.3 Critical load of building structures
375 O.4 Critical load of isolated members
376 O.5 Slenderness ratio and effective length of isolated members
377 O.6 Slenderness criteria for isolated members
O.7 Simplified analysis of isolated members based on nominal curvature
O.7.1 General
O.7.2 Design moments
379 O.7.3 Nominal curvature
380 O.8 Second order elastic method
O.8.1 General
O.8.2 Moment magnification method
382 Annex P (informative)Alternative cover approach for durability
P.1 Use of this Annex
P.2 Scope and field of application
P.3 Minimum cover
384 P.4 Indicative strength classes for durability
385 Annex Q (normative)Stainless reinforcing steel
Q.1 Use of this annex
Q.2 Scope and field of application
Q.3 General
386 Q.4 Minimum cover for durability
387 Q.5 Fatigue verification
388 Annex R (informative)Embedded FRP reinforcement
R.1 Use of this annex
R.2 Scope and field of application
R.3 General
R.4 Verification- Partial factors for FRP reinforcement
389 R.5 Materials
R.5.1 General
R.5.2 Properties
390 R.5.3 Design assumptions
391 R.6 Durability – Concrete cover
R.7 Structural analysis
R.8 Ultimate Limit States (ULS)
R.8.1 Bending with or without axial forces
R.8.2 Shear
392 R.8.3 Torsion
393 R.8.4 Punching
R.8.5 Design with strut-and-tie models and stress fields
R.9 Serviceability Limit States (SLS) – Special rules for FRP reinforcement
R.9.1 General
R.9.2 Stress limitation and crack control
394 R.9.3 Deflection control
R.10 Fatigue
R.11 Detailing of FRP reinforcement
R.11.1 General
R.11.2 Spacing of bars
395 R.11.3 Permissible mandrel diameters for bent bars
R.11.4 Anchorage of FRP reinforcement in tension and compression
396 R.11.5 Laps of FRP reinforcement in tension
R.11.6 Post-tensioning tendons
R.11.7 Deviation forces due to curved tensile and compressive chords
R.12 Detailing of members and particular rules
R.12.1 General
397 R.12.2 Minimum reinforcement rules
R.12.3 Beams
R.12.4 Slabs
398 R.12.5 Slab-column connections and column bases
R.12.6 Columns
R.12.7 Walls and deep beams
R.12.8 Foundations
R.12.9 Tying systems for robustness of buildings
R.12.10 Supports, bearings and expansion joints
R.13 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
R.14 Lightly reinforced concrete structures
399 R.15 Material requirements for FRP reinforcement
R.16 Surface reinforcement for large diameter bars
400 Annex S (informative)Minimum reinforcement for crack control and simplified control of cracking
S.1 Use of this annex
S.2 Scope and field of application
S.3 Minimum reinforcement areas for crack width control

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