IEEE 4-1978

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IEEE Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing

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IEEE	1978

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Description

Revision Standard – Superseded. Standard methods of measurement of high voltage and basic techniques for dielectrics, so far as they are generally applicable to all types of apparatus, for alternating voltages, direct voltages, lightning impulse voltages, switching impulse voltages, and impulse currents are established. General definitions and test requirements are provided, and test procedures and measuring devices are described. A measuring devices application guide and recommendations for voltage measurements by means of sphere gaps are included. The contents are based on and adhere very closely to IEC high- voltage test techniques documents.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	age Testing Section
15	1.1 General Scope and Object 1.2 General Definitions 1.2.1 Impulses Characteristics Related to Disruptive Discharge and Test Voltages
17	Classification of Insulation General Requirements Relating to Test Procedure and Test Objects General Arrangement of the Test Object DryTests WetTests
18	Precipitation Conditions (Revised Test Procedure)
21	with Alternating Voltage
22	Artificial Contamination Tests Under Artificial Contamination 140
24	Atmospheric Conditions
26	Humidity inmeters
27	Application of Atmospheric Correction Factors
28	Thermometer Readings
29	Appendix 1A Details of the Pre-Deposited Contamination Method
30	Preferred Resistivities
31	Example of Fog Nozzle
33	Appendix 1B Production of Saline Fog 20°C and
34	and
35	Saline Fog Jet; See Appendix 1B Fig 1B.3
37	Appendix 1C Measurement of the Degree of Contamination
39	2.1 General Scope and Object Test with Direct Voltage Definitions of Direct-Voltage Tests 2.2.2 Test Voltage
41	2.2.3 Test Procedures Test with Alternating Voltage Definitions for Alternating-Voltage Tests
42	2.3.2 Test Voltage
43	Table Power Supply Requirements
44	2.3.3 Test Procedures Test with Lightning-Impulse Voltages Definitions for Lightning-Impulse Tests
45	Examples of Lightning Impulses with Oscillations or Overshoot
46	Full Lightning Impulse Lightning Impulse Chopped on the Front Fig
48	Lightning Impulse Chopped on the Tail Linearly Rising Front-Chopped Impulse
49	2.4.2 Test Voltage
50	Voltage/Time Curve for Impulses of Constant Prospective Shape
51	2.4.3 Test Procedures
53	Tests with Switching-Impulse Voltages Definitions for Switching-Impulse Tests Full Switching Impulse
55	2.5.3 Test Procedures Circuit for Generation of Switching Impulses Using a Transformer
56	Tests with Impulse Currents Definitions for Impulse-Current Tests 2.6.2 Test Current
57	2.7 Bibliography Class 1 Tests Class 2 Tests
58	2.7.3 Class 3 Tests
59	Appendix 2A Statistical Evaluation of Test Results
61	Factors for Determination of 95% Confidence Limits Table 2A.1
63	Appendix 2B Rod Gap Rod-Gap Sparkover Crest Voltages Table 2B.1
64	3.1 General Scope and Object 3.1.2 General Principles
65	Definition of General Terms Related to Measurements General Requirements on Measuring Systems
68	Measuring Systems for Direct Voltages the Measuring System Measuring Systems for Alternating Voltages the Measuring System
69	Measuring Systems for Impulse Voltages Quantities to be Measured and Accuracies Required Classification of Impulse Measuring Systems
70	Requirements of Measuring Systems
71	3.4.4 Maximum Frequency to be Recorded f Response Time Requirements
72	Measuring Systems for Impulse Currents the Measuring System
73	4.1 General Scope and Object 4.2.1 General Systems for Measuring the Steadystate Value of Direct Voltages
74	Systems for Measuring Ripple Voltage Determination of Voltage Ratios and Scale Factors
75	Possible Sources of Errors and Precautions Measurement of Alternating Voltages 4.3.1 General Systems for Measuring the Amplitude of Alternating Voltages
76	Systems for Measuring the Amplitude of Harmonics Determination of Voltage Ratios and Scale Factors
77	Possible Sources of Errors and Precautions Measurement of Impulse Voltages 4.4.1 General
78	Measuring System Components The Unit Step Method
81	Determination of Voltage Ratios and Scale Factors Methods of Matching Coaxial Cables
82	Response of a Measuring System Procedure for Measuring the Experimental Unit Step Response
83	Table Response Parameters
84	Typical Oscillograms Obtained by the Step Method
85	Step Response Oscillograms
86	75-76*
87	Method Voltage (Valid for Negative Voltages)
88	Determination of Rate-of-Rise When Using Sphere-Gap Method
90	Relation of Response Parameters to Measuring Errors
91	Response Time and Measurement Errors in Practical Measurements
92	Criteria Relating to Corrections
93	Effect of Initial Distortion on Front-Chopped Impulse
94	Determination of T’a for a Response with Steep Initial Portion
95	4.4.10 Evaluation of a Measuring System by Comparison Method 4.4.1 1 Various Sources of Errors Precautions
96	Step Response)
97	Step Response)
98	Check of the Proximity Effects
100	Measurement of Impulse Currents 4.5.1 General Commonly Used Measuring Systems
101	Tubular Shunts for Impulse Current Measurements 87-91*
102	4.5.3 Precautions System
103	Appendix 4A Resistor Dividers
107	the Test Object
109	5.1 General Scope and Object 5.2 Standard Sphere Gap 5.2.1 Definition Requirements for the Spheres
111	Construction of the Shanks of the Spheres Height of Spheres Above the Horizontal Ground Plane
112	Horizontal Sphere Gap
113	Clearance Around the Spheres Clearance Around the Spheres (Table) Connection of the Sphere Gap 5.3.1 Grounding 5.3.2 High-Voltage Conductor
114	Direct Voltage Protective Series Resistance in Measurement of Impulse Voltages The Use of Sphere Gap 5.4.1 Irradiation 18
115	5.4.2 Voltage Measurements Sphere-Gap Disruptive-Discharge Voltages Numerical Values in Table 5.1 and
116	Accuracy in Tables 5.1 and Influence of Atmospheric Conditions Sphere Gap With One Sphere Grounded
118	100-107*
121	Appendix 5A Range of Experimental Calibrations
123	Derived from National Standards and other Sources
125	Appendix 5C Bibliography