This guide describes specific types of concrete deterioration. Each chapter contains a discussion of the mechanisms involved and the recommended requirements for individual components of concrete, quality considerations for concrete mixtures, construction procedures, and influences of the exposure environment, which are all important considerations to ensure concrete durability. This guide was developed for conventional concrete but is generally applicable to specialty concretes; however, specialty concretes, such as roller-compacted or pervious concrete, may have unique durability-related issues that deserve further attention that are not addressed herein. Readers should consult other ACI documents for more detailed information on special concretes of interest. Keywords: abrasion resistance; acid attack; admixture; aggregate; air entrainment; alkali-aggregate reaction; calcium chloride; carbonation; cement paste; corrosion; curing; deicer; deterioration; durability; fly ash; freezing and thawing; mixture proportion; petrography; pozzolan; reinforced concrete; salt scaling; sea water exposure; silica fume; skid resistance; spalling; strength; sulfate attack; supplementary cementitious materials; temperature; watercementitious material ratio.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 5<\/td>\n | CHAPTER 2\u2014 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1\u2014 Notation and definitions CHAPTER 3\u2014 FRESH CONCRETE 3.1\u2014 Introduction 3.2\u2014Pore structure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 6<\/td>\n | 3.3\u2014Mixing effects 3.4\u2014Placement and consolidation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | 3.5\u2014Bleeding 3.6\u2014Cracking of fresh concrete 3.7\u2014Summary CHAPTER 4\u2014 FREEZING AND THAWING OF CONCRETE 4.1\u2014Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | 4.1.1 Concrete made with durable aggregate 4.1.2 Concrete made with frost-susceptible aggregate 4.2\u2014Frost attack of concrete made with durable aggregates 4.2.1 Description of frost damage 4.2.1.1 Damage at early ages 4.2.1.2 Damage in cured concrete 4.2.1.2.1 Surface scaling 4.2.1.2.2 Internal deterioration 4.2.2 Preventing frost damage in new concrete 4.2.2.1 Protection from early freezing 4.2.2.2 Minimum curing before freezing 4.2.3 Preventing frost damage by proper design 4.2.3.1 Entrained air-void system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 4.2.3.1.1 Spacing factor L 4.2.3.1.2 Specific surface \u03b1 4.2.3.1.3 Philleo factor F\u2032 4.2.3.1.4 Air content <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 4.2.3.2 Reducing freezable water 4.2.3.3 Design details 4.2.4 Preventing frost damage by proper practice 4.2.4.1 Transporting and placing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 4.2.4.2 Consolidating 4.2.4.3 Finishing 4.2.4.4 Curing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 4.2.5 Preventing frost damage in existing concrete that \nlacks adequate air-void system 4.2.5.1 Sealers 4.2.5.2 Drainage and other methods 4.2.5.2.1 Drainage 4.2.5.2.2 Maintenance 4.2.5.2.3 Redirection of water flow 4.2.6 Theories for frost damage 4.2.6.1 Moisture expulsion 4.2.6.2 Osmotic pressure 4.2.6.3 Ice lens growth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 4.2.6.4 Implications of freezing and thawing damage \nmechanisms 4.3\u2014Frost attack of concrete made with nondurable aggregates 4.3.1 Description of D-cracking 4.3.1.1 General description 4.3.1.2 Flatwork <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 4.3.1.3 Vertical construction 4.3.2 Prevention of D-cracking 4.3.2.1 Role of mixture proportioning 4.3.2.2 Importance of aggregate identification 4.3.2.3 Aggregate beneficiation 4.3.3 Mitigation of existing D-cracking 4.3.3.1 General 4.3.3.2 Preventing freezing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | 4.3.3.3 Reducing moisture 4.3.4 Theories and mechanisms of D-cracking 4.3.4.1 Pore size and size distribution 4.3.4.2 Deicing salt effect CHAPTER 5\u2014 ALKALI- AGGREGATE REACTION 5.1\u2014 Introduction 5.2\u2014Types of reactions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 5.3\u2014Evaluating aggregates for potential alkali- aggregate reactivity 5.3.1 Field performance 5.3.2 Petrographic examination (ASTM C295) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 5.3.3 Laboratory tests to identify alkali-silica reactiveaggregates 5.3.3.1 Mortar bar test (ASTM C227) 5.3.3.2 Quick chemical method (ASTM C289) 5.3.3.3 Accelerated mortar bar test (ASTM C1260) 5.3.3.4 Concrete prism test (ASTM C1293) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 5.3.4\u2014Laboratory tests to identify reactive alkalicarbonaterock aggregates 5.3.4.1 Rock cylinder method (ASTM C586) 5.3.4.2 Chemical composition (CSA A23.2-26A) 5.3.4.3 Concrete prism test (ASTM C1105) 5.3.5 Other tests for AAR 5.3.6 Developing testing strategies and criteria <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 5.4\u2014Preventive measures 5.4.1 Use of nonreactive aggregate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 5.4.2 Limiting alkali content of concrete 5.4.3 Use of supplementary cementitious materials 5.4.3.1 Use of fly ash and slag <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 5.4.3.2 Use of silica fume <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 5.4.3.3 Use of natural pozzolans 5.4.3.4 Tests for evaluating effect of pozzolans and slagon ASR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 5.4.4 Use of chemical admixtures 5.4.4.1 Lithium salts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 5.4.4.2 Other chemical admixtures CHAPTER 6\u2014 CHEMICAL ATTACK 6.1\u2014 Introduction 6.2\u2014Chemical sulfate attack by sulfate from sources external to concrete 6.2.1 Occurrence 6.2.2 Mechanisms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 6.2.3 Recommendations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 6.2.4 Sampling and testing to determine potential sulfateexposure 6.2.5 Material qualification of pozzolans and slag forsulfate-resistance enhancement 6.2.6 Type II equivalent for Class 1 exposure 6.2.7 Type V equivalent for Class 2 exposure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 6.2.8 Class 3 exposure 6.2.9 Proportions and uniformity of pozzolans and slag 6.3\u2014Physical salt attack <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 6.4\u2014Seawater exposure 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.5\u2014Acid attack 6.5.1 Occurrence <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 6.5.2 Mechanism 6.5.3 Carbonation by contact with water 6.5.4 Recommendations 6.6\u2014Carbonation 6.6.1 General 6.6.2 Atmospheric carbonation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | CHAPTER 7\u2014 CORROSION OF METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE 7.1\u2014 Introduction 7.2\u2014General principles of corrosion initiation in concrete 7.2.1 General 7.2.2 Corrosion process 7.2.3 Protection mechanism in concrete 7.2.3.1 General 7.2.3.2 Breakdown due to insufficient oxygen supply 7.2.3.3 Carbonation 7.2.3.4 Pitting: local breakdown due to chloride <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 7.3\u2014Propagation of corrosion 7.3.1 General 7.3.2 Anodic control 7.3.3 Cathodic control 7.3.4 Resistivity control 7.4\u2014Corrosion-related properties of concreting materials 7.4.1 Portland cement 7.4.2 Supplementary cementitious materials 7.4.3 Aggregates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 7.4.4 Mixing water 7.4.5 Admixtures 7.4.5.1 General 7.4.5.2 Accelerators 7.4.5.3 Inhibitors 7.5\u2014Preventing corrosion 7.5.1 General 7.5.2 Design and process 7.5.2.1 Concrete quality and cover over steel 7.5.2.1.1 Cover depth 7.5.2.1.2 Concrete quality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 7.5.2.1.3 Cracks 7.5.2.2 Concrete resistivity 7.5.3 Construction aspects 7.5.3.1 Workmanship 7.5.3.2 Reinforcement detailing 7.5.3.3 Curing 7.5.3.4 Formwork 7.5.4 Design 7.5.4.1 General layout of structure 7.5.4.2 Drainage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 7.5.4.3 Exposed items 7.5.5 Special protective systems 7.6\u2014Corrosion of materials other than steel 7.6.1 Aluminum 7.6.2 Lead 7.6.3 Copper and copper alloys 7.6.4 Zinc 7.6.5 Other metals 7.6.6 Plastics 7.6.7 Wood <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 7.7\u2014Summary CHAPTER 8\u2014 ABRASION 8.1\u2014 Introduction 8.2\u2014Testing concrete for resistance to abrasion 8.3\u2014Factors affecting abrasion resistance of concrete <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 8.4\u2014Recommendations for obtaining abrasion-resistant concrete surfaces 8.4.1 8.4.2 Two-course floors 8.4.3 Special concrete aggregates 8.4.4 Proper finishing procedures 8.4.5 Vacuum dewatering 8.4.6 Special dry shakes and toppings 8.4.7 Proper curing procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | 8.5\u2014Studded tire and tire chain wear on concrete 8.6\u2014Skid resistance of pavements CHAPTER 9\u2014 REFERENCES 9.1\u2014 Referenced standards and reports <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 9.2\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | APPENDIX A\u2014 METHOD FOR PREPARING EXTRACT FOR ANALYSIS OF WATER- SOLUBLE SULFATE IN SOIL <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 201.2R-08: Guide to Durable Concrete<\/b><\/p>\n |