2008 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC SytemsandEquipment Chapter11

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HVAC Sytems and Equipment Handbook – Chapter 11. District Heating and Cooling

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2008	35

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Applicability Applicability Components Components Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Benefits Benefits Environmental Benefits Environmental Benefits
2	Consumer Economic Benefits Consumer Economic Benefits Producer Economics Producer Economics Initial Capital Investment Initial Capital Investment
3	Central Plant Central Plant Heating and Cooling Production Heating and Cooling Production Heating Medium Heating Medium Heat Production Heat Production
4	Cooling Supply Cooling Supply Thermal Storage Thermal Storage Auxiliaries Auxiliaries
5	Fig. 2 Layout for Hot Water/Chilled Water Plant Fig. 2 Layout for Hot Water/Chilled Water Plant Fig. 2 Layout for Hot-Water/Chilled-Water Plant Fig. 2 Layout for Hot-Water/Chilled-Water Plant Distribution Design Considerations Distribution Design Considerations Constant Flow Constant Flow Fig. 3 Constant Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Fig. 3 Constant Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Fig. 3 Constant-Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Fig. 3 Constant-Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Variable Flow Variable Flow
6	Fig. 4 Variable Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Fig. 4 Variable Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Fig. 4 Variable-Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Fig. 4 Variable-Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Design Guidelines Design Guidelines Distribution System Distribution System Hydraulic Considerations Hydraulic Considerations Objectives of Hydraulic Design Objectives of Hydraulic Design
7	Water Hammer Water Hammer Pressure Losses Pressure Losses Pipe Sizing Pipe Sizing Network Calculations Network Calculations Condensate Drainage and Return Condensate Drainage and Return
8	Thermal Considerations Thermal Considerations Thermal Design Conditions Thermal Design Conditions Thermal Properties of Pipe Insulation and Soil Thermal Properties of Pipe Insulation and Soil Table 1 Comparison of Commonly Used Insulations in Underground Piping Systems Table 1 Comparison of Commonly Used Insulations in Underground Piping Systems
9	Table 2 Effect of Moisture on Underground Piping System Insulations Table 2 Effect of Moisture on Underground Piping System Insulations Table 3 Soil Thermal Conductivities Table 3 Soil Thermal Conductivities Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis
10	Calculation of Undisturbed Soil Temperatures Calculation of Undisturbed Soil Temperatures
11	Convective Heat Transfer at Ground Surface Convective Heat Transfer at Ground Surface Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Single Buried Insulated Pipe Single Buried Insulated Pipe
12	Fig. 6 Single Buried Insulated Pipe Fig. 6 Single Buried Insulated Pipe Fig. 6 Single Insulated Buried Pipe Fig. 6 Single Insulated Buried Pipe Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation
13	Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space
14	Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits
15	Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels
16	Pipes in Shallow Trenches Pipes in Shallow Trenches Buried Pipes with Other Geometries Buried Pipes with Other Geometries
17	Pipes in Air Pipes in Air Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation
18	Expansion Provisions Expansion Provisions Pipe Supports, Guides, and Anchors Pipe Supports, Guides, and Anchors Distribution System Construction Distribution System Construction
19	Piping Materials and Standards Piping Materials and Standards Aboveground Systems Aboveground Systems
20	Underground Systems Underground Systems Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel
21	Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System
22	Fig. 14 Field Installed Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Fig. 14 Field Installed Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Fig. 14 Field-Installed, Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Fig. 14 Field-Installed, Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Conduits Conduits Fig. 15 Conduit System Components Fig. 15 Conduit System Components Fig. 15 Conduit System Components Fig. 15 Conduit System Components
23	Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space (WSL) Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space (WSL)
24	Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Cathodic Protection of Direct-Buried Conduits Cathodic Protection of Direct-Buried Conduits
25	Leak Detection Leak Detection Valve Vaults and Entry Pits Valve Vaults and Entry Pits
27	Consumer Interconnections Consumer Interconnections Direct Connection Direct Connection Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water
28	Indirect Connection Indirect Connection Components Components Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers Fig. 22 Basic Heating System Schematic Fig. 22 Basic Heating System Schematic Fig. 22 Basic Heating-System Schematic Fig. 22 Basic Heating-System Schematic
29	Flow Control Devices Flow Control Devices Instrumentation Instrumentation Controller Controller
30	Pressure Control Devices Pressure Control Devices Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Heating Connections Heating Connections Steam Connections Steam Connections Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System
31	Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot-Water System Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot-Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot-Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot-Water System Hot-Water Connections Hot-Water Connections Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water
32	Building Conversion to District Heating Building Conversion to District Heating Table 4 Conversion Suitability of Heating System by Type Table 4 Conversion Suitability of Heating System by Type Chilled-Water Connections Chilled-Water Connections Fig. 28 Typical Chilled Water Piping and Metering Diagram Fig. 28 Typical Chilled Water Piping and Metering Diagram Fig. 28 Typical Chilled-Water Piping and Metering Diagram Fig. 28 Typical Chilled-Water Piping and Metering Diagram
33	Temperature Differential Control Temperature Differential Control Metering Metering
34	Table 5 Flowmeter Characteristics Table 5 Flowmeter Characteristics Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance References References
35	Bibliography Bibliography