2008 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC SytemsandEquipment Chapter12

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HVAC Sytems and Equipment Handbook – Chapter 12. Hydronic Heating and Cooling

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2008	25

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1	Principles Principles Temperature Classifications Temperature Classifications
2	Closed Water Systems Closed Water Systems Fig. 1 Hydronic System-Fundamental Components Fig. 1 Hydronic System-Fundamental Components Fig. 1 Fundamental Components of Hydronic System Fig. 1 Fundamental Components of Hydronic System Method of Design Method of Design Thermal Components Thermal Components Loads Loads
3	Terminal Heating and Cooling Units Terminal Heating and Cooling Units
4	Source Source Expansion Chamber Expansion Chamber
5	Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions
6	Hydraulic Components Hydraulic Components Pump or Pumping System Pump or Pumping System Fig. 4 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 4 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 4 Example of Manufacturer’s Published Pump Curve Fig. 4 Example of Manufacturer’s Published Pump Curve Fig. 5 Shift of System Curve due to Circuit Unbalance Fig. 5 Shift of System Curve due to Circuit Unbalance Fig. 5 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 5 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 6 Operating Conditions for Parallel Pump Installation Fig. 6 Operating Conditions for Parallel Pump Installation Fig. 6 Shift of System Curve Caused by Circuit Unbalance Fig. 6 Shift of System Curve Caused by Circuit Unbalance
7	Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Parallel-Pump Installation Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Parallel-Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series-Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series-Pump Installation
8	Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Variable-Speed Pumping Application Variable-Speed Pumping Application
9	Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area)
10	Pump Connection Pump Connection Distribution System Distribution System
11	Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Expansion Chamber Expansion Chamber Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to “System” Pressure Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to “System” Pressure Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to System Pressure Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to System Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Piping Circuits Piping Circuits
12	Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps
13	Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Capacity Control of Load System Capacity Control of Load System Fig. 22 Load Control Valves Fig. 22 Load Control Valves Fig. 22 Load Control Valves Fig. 22 Load Control Valves
14	Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Sizing Control Valves Sizing Control Valves Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority
15	Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority
16	Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Alternatives to Control Valves Alternatives to Control Valves Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Low-Temperature Heating Systems Low-Temperature Heating Systems Nonresidential Heating Systems Nonresidential Heating Systems
17	Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Chilled-Water Systems Chilled-Water Systems Table 1 Chilled-Water Coil Performance Table 1 Chilled-Water Coil Performance
18	Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97.5% Design Heat Transfer Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97.5% Design Heat Transfer Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97% Design Heat Transfer Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97% Design Heat Transfer
19	Fig. 35 Constant Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 35 Constant Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 35 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System Fig. 35 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System Fig. 36 Variable Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 36 Variable Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 36 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System Fig. 36 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System Dual-Temperature Systems Dual-Temperature Systems Two-Pipe Systems Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System
20	Four-Pipe Common Load Systems Four-Pipe Common Load Systems Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Other Design Considerations Other Design Considerations Makeup and Fill Water Systems Makeup and Fill Water Systems Safety Relief Valves Safety Relief Valves Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank
21	Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Air Elimination Air Elimination Drain and Shutoff Drain and Shutoff Balance Fittings Balance Fittings
22	Pitch Pitch Strainers Strainers Thermometers Thermometers Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation Gage Cocks Gage Cocks Insulation Insulation Condensate Drains Condensate Drains Common Pipe Common Pipe Other Design Procedures Other Design Procedures Preliminary Equipment Layout Preliminary Equipment Layout
23	Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination Freeze Prevention Freeze Prevention Antifreeze Solutions Antifreeze Solutions Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow Effect on Heat Source or Chiller Effect on Heat Source or Chiller
24	Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Effect on Terminal Units Effect on Terminal Units Effect on Pump Performance Effect on Pump Performance Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Effect on Piping Pressure Loss Effect on Piping Pressure Loss Installation and Maintenance Installation and Maintenance
25	References References Bibliography Bibliography