2008 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC SytemsandEquipment Chapter50

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HVAC Sytems and Equipment Handbook – Chapter 50. Thermal Storage

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2008	33

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Terminology Terminology
2	Classification of Systems Classification of Systems Storage Media Storage Media
3	Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Benefits of Thermal Storage Benefits of Thermal Storage Design Considerations Design Considerations
4	Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Energy Storage Sensible Energy Storage Temperature Range and Storage Size Temperature Range and Storage Size Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser
5	Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Design of Stratification Diffusers Design of Stratification Diffusers Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Table 1 Chilled-Water Density Table Table 1 Chilled-Water Density Table
6	Storage Tank Insulation Storage Tank Insulation Other Factors Other Factors Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage Storage in Aquifers Storage in Aquifers
7	Latent Cool Storage Technology Latent Cool Storage Technology Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil
8	Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage External-Melt Ice-On-Coil External-Melt Ice-On-Coil Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage
9	Encapsulated Ice Encapsulated Ice Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Ice Harvesters Ice Harvesters
10	Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Ice Slurry Systems Ice Slurry Systems
11	Other Phase-Change Materials Other Phase-Change Materials Heat Storage Technology Heat Storage Technology Sizing Heat Storage Systems Sizing Heat Storage Systems Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Service Water Heating Service Water Heating
12	Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves Fig. 13 Fig. 13 Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves
13	Fig. 14 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Fig. 14 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Fig. 13 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Fig. 13 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Fig. 15 Pressurized Water Heater Fig. 15 Pressurized Water Heater Fig. 14 Pressurized Water Heater Fig. 14 Pressurized Water Heater
14	Underfloor Heat Storage Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 16 Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 16 Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 15 Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 15 Underfloor Heat Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 16 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 16 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 18 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd Fig. 18 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd
15	Storage Charging and Discharging Storage Charging and Discharging Design Considerations Design Considerations Factors Favoring Thermal Storage Factors Favoring Thermal Storage
16	Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Typical Applications Typical Applications
17	Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Strategies Sizing Strategies Calculating Load Profiles Calculating Load Profiles
18	Sizing Equipment Sizing Equipment
19	Application of Thermal Storage Systems Application of Thermal Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems Fig. 19 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme Fig. 19 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme Fig. 18 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme Fig. 18 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme
20	Fig. 21 Fig. 21 Fig. 19 Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 19 Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 20 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 20 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 23 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 23 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 21 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 21 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 24 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 24 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface
21	Fig. 25 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Fig. 25 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Fig. 23 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Fig. 23 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems
22	Fig. 26 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 26 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 24 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 24 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 27 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 27 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 25 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 25 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 28 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage Fig. 28 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage Fig. 26 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage Fig. 26 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage
23	Operation and Control Operation and Control Operating Modes Operating Modes Table 2 Common Thermal Storage Operating Modes Table 2 Common Thermal Storage Operating Modes
24	Control Strategies Control Strategies Operating Strategies Operating Strategies
25	Table 3 Recommended Accuracies of Instrumentation for Measurement of Cool Storage Capacity Table 3 Recommended Accuracies of Instrumentation for Measurement of Cool Storage Capacity Instrumentation Requirements Instrumentation Requirements Other Design Considerations Other Design Considerations Hydronic System Design for Open Systems Hydronic System Design for Open Systems Cold-Air Distribution Cold-Air Distribution
26	Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units System Interface System Interface
27	Insulation Insulation Cost Considerations Cost Considerations Maintenance Considerations Maintenance Considerations Water Treatment Water Treatment
28	Commissioning Commissioning Statement of Design Intent Statement of Design Intent
29	Commissioning Specification Commissioning Specification Required Information Required Information Performance Verification Performance Verification Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems
30	Good Practices Good Practices References References
32	Bibliography Bibliography