| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 4<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.2 Abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 4 Definition of fast frequency response (FFR) 4.1 General 4.2 Existing usage of term FFR 4.2.1 FFR in Australia and Texas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Proposed response times by ERCOT as of 2014 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | Tables Table 1 \u2013 Frequency response times of FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | Figure 2 \u2013 Time elements of FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 4.2.2 FFR and synthetic inertia in European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 4.2.3 FFR and synthetic inertia in EirGrid\/SONI <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 4.2.4 The enhanced frequency response and enhanced frequency control capability in the UK 4.2.5 FFR in North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and North America 4.3 Definition of FFR given by CIGRE JWG C2\/C4.41 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | 4.4 Recommended definition of fast frequency response (FFR) 4.4.1 Clear definition 4.4.2 Impact mechanism on system frequency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 4.5 Description of the relationship among synchronous inertia response, fast frequency response, and primary frequency response 4.5.1 Relationship between synchronous inertia response and fast frequency response Figure 3 \u2013 Impact mechanism on system frequency by FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | 4.5.2 Relationship between fast frequency response and primary frequency response 4.5.3 Relationship between synchronous inertia response and primary frequency response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 5 System needs and conditions where fast frequency response is warranted 5.1 Higher ROCOF and lower nadir 5.1.1 General Figure 4 \u2013 System frequency in response to a large generation trip <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 5.1.2 Higher ROCOF <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | 5.1.3 Worse nadir <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 5.1.4 Simulation study <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 5.1.5 Blackout in Great Britain power grid on 9 August 2019 Figure 5 \u2013 Frequency characteristics under the same disturbancewith various inverter-based resources penetration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Figure 6 \u2013 Frequency response in blackout in Great Britain power grid on 9 August 2019 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 5.2 Large fluctuation of system frequency in power system operation 5.2.1 General 5.2.2 Frequency regulation scheme Figure 7 \u2013 System frequency fluctuation under secondary frequencyregulation due to load fluctuation in a grid Table 2 \u2013 Frequency response in Great Britain power grid on 9 August 2019 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 5.2.3 Relatively large load fluctuation 5.2.4 Relatively weak and slow PFR Figure 8 \u2013 Assignment of different modulations forquasi-steady-state frequency fluctuation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | 6 Performance objectives for fast frequency response from inverter-based resources 6.1 The response time of FFR Table 3 \u2013 Summary of response times in different countries and regions Table 4 \u2013 Summary of response times for inverter-based resources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | 6.2 The response characteristics and maximum response capacity of FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | Figure 9 \u2013 Controlled contribution of electrical power provided by ROCOF-based FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | 6.3 Test performance for renewable generator equipped with fast frequency response in China 6.3.1 General 6.3.2 Engineering construction Figure 10 \u2013 The controlled contribution of electrical power providedby deviation-based FFR Table 5 \u2013 Typical ranges of control parameters of FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 6.3.3 Test practice and performance 7 Available technologies, controls, and tuning considerations for fast frequency response and primary frequency response 7.1 Available technologies for fast frequency response 7.1.1 Technology capabilities for FFR service Table 6 \u2013 Inertia response and fast frequency regulation performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | 7.1.2 Wind turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 7.1.3 Solar PV <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 7.1.4 Battery energy storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 7.1.5 HVDC <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 7.2 Available controls for fast frequency response 7.2.1 General 7.2.2 Additional FFR control for grid-following converter Figure 11 \u2013 Scheme of the transfer function of ROCOF-based FFRfor grid-following converters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 7.2.3 Grid-forming converter control Figure 12 \u2013 Scheme of the transfer function of deviation-based FFRfor grid-following converters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Figure 13 \u2013 Schematic of the droop control of deviation-based FFRfor grid-forming converters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | 7.3 Tuning considerations for fast frequency response and primary frequency response Figure 14 \u2013 Time elements of FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | 8 Test methods for verifying turbine-level or plant-level fast frequency response capability 8.1 General 8.2 Selection of test equipment 8.3 Test wiring method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | 8.4 Selection of measuring conditions Figure 15 \u2013 Test wiring diagram Table 7 \u2013 Input and output of a data collection point Table 8 \u2013 Test conditions for fast frequency response of renewable energy power plant <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | 8.5 Step frequency disturbance test 8.6 Slope frequency disturbance test Table 9 \u2013 Stepped frequency disturbance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | 8.7 Actual frequency disturbance simulation test 8.8 Actual frequency disturbance simulation test Figure 16 \u2013 Test slope curve for ROCOF-based FFR Table 10 \u2013 Test conditions for actual frequency disturbance simulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | 9 Rate-of-change-of-frequency (ROCOF) definition and withstand capability for high ROCOF conditions 9.1 Definition of rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Figure 17 \u2013 Schematic of increased ROCOF with increased renewable generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | 9.2 Ride-through (withstand) capability for high ROCOF conditions Figure 18 \u2013 The response of IBRs for frequency slope change(change from 45 Hz to 55 Hz in 1 s) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Figure 19 \u2013 The response of IBRs for frequency step change of 1 Hz <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | 10 Test specifications for high ROCOF conditions 10.1 Performance specification 10.1.1 Effective and operating ranges 10.1.2 Accuracy related to the characteristic quantity Table 11 \u2013 Example of effective and operating rangesfor over- and under-frequency protection Table 12 \u2013 Example of effective and operating ranges for ROCOF protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | 10.1.3 Start time for rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) function 10.1.4 Accuracy related to the operate time delay setting 10.1.5 Voltage input Figure 20 \u2013 Operate time and operate time delay setting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | 10.2 Functional test methodology 10.2.1 General 10.2.2 Determination of steady-state errors related to the characteristic quantity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Figure 21 \u2013 Example of test method for positive ROCOF function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Table 13 \u2013 Test points for ROCOF function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Table 14 \u2013 Reporting of ROCOF accuracy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | Figure 22 \u2013 Test method for measurement of reset value for ROCOF functions:example for positive ROCOF function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Table 15 \u2013 Test points of reset value for ROCOF function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | 10.2.3 Determination of the start time Figure 23 \u2013 Start time measurement of positive ROCOF function Table 16 \u2013 Reporting of the reset value for ROCOF function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Table 17 \u2013 Test points for minimum frequency protection function start time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | 10.2.4 Determination of the accuracy of the operate time delay Figure 24 \u2013 Operate time delay measurement of positive ROCOF Table 18 \u2013 Test points to measure operate time delay <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | 10.2.5 Determination of disengaging time Figure 25 \u2013 Disengaging time measurement of ROCOF Table 19 \u2013 Test points for accuracy of the operate time delay <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | 11 Modelling capabilities and improvements to dynamic models for fast frequency response and related high ROCOF conditions 11.1 General Table 20 \u2013 Test points of disengaging time for ROCOF function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | 11.2 Dynamic models for fast frequency response and related high ROCOF conditions 11.2.1 Dynamic models of whole power systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Figure 26 \u2013 Second generation BPS renewable energy system (RES) modules <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Figure 27 \u2013 Load modelling practices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | Figure 28 \u2013 WECC CLM Figure 29 \u2013 Electronically interfaced load model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | 11.2.2 Simplification of dynamic models Figure 30 \u2013 Distributed energy resource model Figure 31 \u2013 The traditional SFR model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 77<\/td>\n | 11.3 Modelling improvements Figure 32 \u2013 Improved model in light of ROCOF-based FFR and deviation-based FFR <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | Figure 33 \u2013 Electrical power from wind turbines for different combinations of wind power control strategies under 20 % wind power penetration in system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems – Fast frequency response and frequency ride-through from inverter-based resources during severe frequency disturbances<\/b><\/p>\n |